A policy-driven multifaceted approach for early childhood physical fitness promotion: impacts on body composition and physical fitness in young Chinese children

Table 2 Means and Standard Errors (SE) at baseline and posttest and comparisons of intervention impacts on study outcome measures (N = 357)

	Control (n = 139)				Intervention (n = 218)				Adjust difference of mean change (95% CI)ł	α ≤
	Baseline		Posttest		Baseline		Posttest
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Weight (kg)	17.77	0.22	19.52	0.25	18.42	0.21	20.53	0.22	0.36 (0.06, 0.66)	0.02
Height (cm)	106.47	0.55	111.12	0.56	107.80	0.46	112.92	0.47	0.47 (0.19, 0.75)	0.01
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m²)	15.64	0.12	15.78	0.14	15.76	0.09	16.04	0.10	0.19 (−0.06, 0.43)	n.s.
BMI-for-age z-score	0.19	0.08	0.26	0.09	0.26	0.07	0.44	0.07	0.15 (−0.01, 0.31)	n.s.
Body fat percent ł	20.64	0.37	21.45	0.37	21.51	0.30	20.79	0.28	−1.2 (−1.85, −0.79)	0.0001
Fat mass (kg) ł	3.51	0.08	4.25	0.12	3.72	0.09	3.84	0.10	−0.55 (−0.72, −0.39)	0.0001
Muscle mass (kg)	6.59	0.11	7.29	0.13	6.80	0.10	7.96	0.11	0.48 (0.33, 0.62)	0.0001
20m agility run (seconds) ł†	8.56	0.15	7.97	0.14	8.28	0.10	7.06	0.06	−0.74 (−0.89, −0.58)	0.0001
Broad jump (cm) ł†‡	89.35	1.36	99.75	1.20	91.76	1.19	110.05	1.14	8.09 (6.24, 9.93)	0.0001
Tennis ball throw (m) ł†±	4.39	0.14	4.81	0.17	4.30	0.11	.39	0.13	0.52 (0.15, 0.88)	0.006
Sit-and-reach (cm) ł	10.65	0.31	10.99	0.35	9.49	0.31	11.32	0.27	0.88 (0.10, 1.66)	0.03
Balance beam walk (seconds) ł†	14.65	1.16	7.74	0.59	14.29	0.79	5.48	0.27	−2.02 (−3.05, −0.99)	0.0001
20m craw (seconds) ł	25.74	0.52	22.92	0.46	26.45	0.44	20.04	0.34	−3.36 (−4.02, −2.69)	0.0001
30m sprint (seconds) ł†‡	10.09	0.22	9.03	0.17	9.68	0.14	8.14	0.08	−0.45 (−0.82, −0.08)	0.02

ł Adjusted for baseline measure;†Adjusted for grade level;‡Adjusted for father’s BMI;± Adjusted for father’s education.