A policy-driven multifaceted approach for early childhood physical fitness promotion: impacts on body composition and physical fitness in young Chinese children

Table 1 Comparisons of study outcome measures at baseline test (N = 357) ł

	All		First grade (n = 116)				Second grade (n = 131)				Third grade (n = 110)
			Boys (n = 61)		Girls (n = 55)		Boys (71)		Girls (60)		Boys (n = 59)		Girls (n = 51)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Body fat percent†	21.17	4.46	19.82	4.56	21.54	4.07	20.10	3.39	21.20	4.52	22.87	4.56	21.89	5.16
Fat mass (kg)	3.64	1.25	3.28	0.88	3.49	0.94	3.28	0.92	3.71	1.08	4.20	1.86	4.00	1.36
Muscle mass (kg) † ˥	6.72	1.39	5.84	1.03	5.75	1.04	6.60	1.15	6.50	1.04	8.22	1.34	7.50	0.84
Weight (kg) †	18.16	2.95	16.40	2.13	16.47	1.98	17.65	2.34	17.95	2.38	21.03	3.46	19.75	2.08
Height (cm) †	107.28	6.73	101.56	4.35	100.72	4.53	107.13	4.40	107.12	4.40	114.70	4.26	113.02	4.51
BMI‡	15.71	1.41	15.84	1.18	16.21	1.38	15.33	1.15	15.60	1.39	15.91	1.87	15.45	1.28
BMI-for-age z-score ‡	0.23	0.96	0.27	0.89	0.57	0.90	0.01	0.85	0.17	0.88	0.35	1.27	0.07	0.82
20m agility run (seconds) ‡	8.39	1.63	9.74	1.77	9.91	1.65	7.77	0.88	8.20	1.04	7.25	0.94	7.55	1.13
Broad jump (m) †	90.78	16.03	76.67	7.03	74.80	7.36	90.67	12.54	88.75	15.01	104.71	15.10	99.76	11.81
Tennis ball throw (m) † ˥	4.33	1.68	3.64	1.44	2.98	0.97	4.35	1.28	3.83	1.38	6.34	1.58	4.87	1.11
Sit and reach (cm) ‡ ˥	9.94	4.23	10.11	4.01	10.62	3.60	8.98	3.56	11.09	3.60	7.70	4.76	11.63	4.75
Balance beam walk (seconds) ‡	14.43	12.49	22.40	13.39	24.83	16.77	12.38	9.31	11.72	7.75	7.76	7.58	7.43	4.36
20m craw (seconds) ‡ ˥	26.17	6.38	30.32	5.35	32.09	5.44	24.54	4.01	26.97	6.52	20.71	4.15	22.50	4.24
30m sprint (seconds) ‡	9.84	2.33	11.47	2.61	11.92	2.65	9.46	1.59	9.77	1.59	8.17	1.04	8.18	0.86

ł Comparison based on F-test (α ≤ 0.05); sample size varied slightly for different measures due to missing. † Measure significantly increased with years in childcare; ‡ Measures significantly decreased with years in childcare; ˥ Measures significantly better in boys;

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