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Table 1 Descriptive statistics

From: Healthcare cost of type 1 diabetes mellitus in new-onset children in a hospital compared to an outpatient setting

Demographics

Inpatient

Outpatient

Total

Patients (%)

   

Patients by race/ethnicity

33 (39.28%)

51 (60.71%)

84 (100%)

White, Non-Hispanic

25 (75.76%)

38 (74.51%)

63 (75.00%)

African-American

2 (6.06%)

3 (5.88%)

5 (5.95%)

Hispanic

5 (15.15%)

8 (15.69%)

13 (15.48%)

Other

1 (3.03%)

2 (3.92%)

3 (3.57%)

% Female patients

21 (63.63%)

21 (41.18%)

42 (50%)

Age at diagnosis (Average±SD)

10.13±4.31

10.52±4.37

10.36±4.32

Distance to the hospital (in miles)

18.08±22.30

15.46±15.17

16.49±18.22

Patients living inside 10 miles to hospital

18 (54.55%)

29 (56.86%)

47 (55.95%)

Patients with public insurance

14 (42.42%)

16 (31.37%)

30 (35.71%)

Healthcare services utilization

Inpatient

Outpatient

Total

Hospital length of stay in days

1.84±0.75

 

0.72±1.02

Outpatient diabetes visits within 10 days of diagnosis date†

1.76±0.71

2.61±0.90

2.27±0.92

Inpatient diabetes visits within 10 days of diagnosis date†

0.97±0.39

0.02±0.14

0.39±0.54

Outpatient diabetes visits within 1 year of diagnosis date*

6.87±1.71

7.73±2.01

7.39±1.93

Phone calls received within 1 year of diagnosis date

14.39±8.68

11.02±8.15

12.35±8.48

Clinical indicators for T1DM at diagnosis

Inpatient

Outpatient

Total

Patients pH

29 (87.88%)

7 (13.73%)

36 (42.86%)

pH†

7.20±0.14

7.33±0.05

7.23±0.14

Patients Bicarb

33 (100%)

43 (84.31%)

76 (90.48%)

Bicarb†

14.94±7.81

23.98±3.92

20.05±7.41

Patients Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

31 (93.94%)

42 (82.35%)

73 (86.90%)

BUN

16.94±8.53

14.24±3.94

15.38±6.40

Metabolic outcome: HbA1C

Inpatient

Outpatient

Total

Patients HbA1C at diagnosis

33 (100%)

51 (100%)

84 (100%)

HbA1C at diagnosis

11.60%±2.08%

10.70%±2.34%

11.05%±2.27%

Patients HbA1C 1 year post-diagnosis

33 (100%)

51 (100%)

`84 (100%)

HbA1c 1 year post-diagnosis

7.54%±1.56%

7.37%±0.89%

7.43%±1.20%

Metabolic outcome: HbA1c adjusted by patient’s age

Inpatient

Outpatient

Total

HbA1c at diagnosis

3.72±2.16

2.83±2.46

3.17±2.37

HbA1c 1 year post-diagnosis

−0.34±1.59

−0.50±0.88

−0.44±1.21

T1DM at diagnosis

   

HbA1c ≤ 6.5%

 

1 (1.96%)

1 (1.19%)

HbA1c > 6.5%

33 (100%)

50 (98.04%)

83 (98.81%)

T1DM 1 year post-diagnosis diagnosis

   

HbA1c ≤ 6.5%

8 (24.24%)

8 (15.69%)

16 (19.05%)

HbA1c > 6.5%

25 (75.76%)

43 (84.31%)

68 (80.95%)

  1. Note: ±SD, Standard deviation. *, § and † indicates statistically significant at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. HbA1C levels at diagnosis in % and (mmol/mol units) are 11.6% (103 mmol/mol), 10.7% (93 mmol/mol) and 11.1% (97 mmol/mol) in the inpatient, outpatient and total group respectively. HbA1C levels at 1 year post diagnosis in % and (mmol/mol units) are 7.5% (58 mmol/mol), 7.4% (56 mmol/mol) and 7.4% (57 mmol/mol) in the inpatient, outpatient and total group respectively. Blood glucose levels higher than 11 mmol/L (i.e. hyperglycemia) with a venous pH below 7.3 and/or blood bicarbonate level below 15 mmol/L indicates pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is normal in a range of 6–20 mg/dL. Pediatric endocrinology care visits include first visit.
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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