Table 2 Staging of extravasation injuries[17] as adapted from Millan[10]

I

Painful intravenous site, no erythema, no swelling

II

Painful intravenous site, slight swelling, no blanching, good pulse below intravenous site, brisk capillary refill below intravenous site

III

Painful intravenous site, marked swelling, blanching, skin cool to touch, good pulse below intravenous site, brisk capillary refill below intravenous site

IV

Painful intravenous site, very marked swelling, blanching, skin cool to touch, decreased or absent pulse, capillary refill over 4 s, skin breakdown or necrosis.