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Table 3 Intake and absorption of calcium and fat*

From: Calcium and fat metabolic balance, and gastrointestinal tolerance in term infants fed milk-based formulas with and without palm olein and palm kernel oils: a randomized blinded crossover study

Variables

Metabolic crossover phase

 

PALM

NoPALM

 

(n = 17)

(n = 17)

CALCIUM

  

Calcium Intake, mg/kg/day

48.3 ± 8.9

72.7 ± 11.8a

Stool calcium, mg/kg/day

27.9 ±10.1

30.3 ± 14.7

Calcium absorbed, mg/kg/day

20.4 ± 9.6

42.4 ± 14.6b

Calcium absorption, %

42.1 ±19.2

58.8 ± 16.7c

Urinary calcium, mg/kg/day

1.69 ± 0.85

1.43 ± 0.77

Calcium retention, mg/kg/day

18.7 ± 9.4

41.0 ± 14.5a

FAT

  

Fat intake, g/kg/day

4.7 ± 0.9

4.5 ± 0.7

Stool fat, g/kg/day

0.22 ± 0.08

0.14 ± 0.06d

Fat absorbed, g/kg/day

4.52 ± 0.85

4.33 ± 0.73

Fat absorption, %

95.1 ± 1.5

96.9 ± 1.2e

  1. *Values are means ± SD.
  2. a = p <0.001; b = p = 0.009; c = p = 0.023, but using calcium intake as covariate yielded p = 0.104; d = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.071), therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.027).
  3. e = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.059), therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.020).