Table 3 Possible risk factors for spinal pain (boys N=211, 90/121 with/without spinal pain; girls N=223, 121/102 with/without spinal pain)
From: Spine day 2012: spinal pain in Swiss school children– epidemiology and risk factors
Risk factor | Risk factor categories | Gender | |
|---|---|---|---|
m | f | ||
Parental pain | Yes (Child P/child no P) | 192 (83/109) | 190 (109/81) |
No (Child P/child no P) | 19 (7/12) | 33 (12/21) | |
Smoking parents | Yes (Child P/child no P) | 41 (24/17) | 43 (27/16) |
No (Child P/child no P) | 170 (66/104) | 180 (94/86) | |
Schoolbag | Backpack (Child P/child no P) | 200 (82/118) | 183 (82/101) |
Briefcase/shoulder bag (Child P/child no P) | 11 (8/3) | 40 (20/20) | |
Computer per week | <1h/day (Child P/child no P) | 165 (69/96) | 183 (94/89) |
>1h/day (Child P/child no P) | 46 (21/25) | 40 (27/13) | |
Adam’s Sign | Positive/Asymmetry (Child P/child no P) | 23 (10/13) | 26 (19/7) |
Negative/Symmetry (Child P/child no P) | 188 (80/108) | 197 (95/102) | |
Matthiass Test | Posture deficit (Child P/child no P) | 74 (28/46) | 74 (37/37) |
No posture deficit (Child P/child no P) | 137 (62/75) | 149 (84/65) | |
Single leg stance with eyes closed | Reduced (Child P/child no P) | 57 (22/35) | 53 (25/28) |
Ok on both legs (Child P/child no P) | 154 (68/86) | 170 (96/74) | |
Normalized finger floor distance | Mean child with spinal pain (SD) | 6.27 (5.46) | 3.79 (4.88) |
Mean child without spinal pain (SD) | 5.59 (5.49) | 3.36 (4.61) | |
BMI | Mean child with spinal pain (SD) | 18.03 (2.95) | 18.34 (3.55) |
Mean child without spinal pain (SD) | 17.22 (2.66) | 17.24 (3.09) | |