Variable | Beta coefficient | Standard error | 95% CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infant variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Had a chronic health condition in the first 16 months of life |  |  |  | P < .0001 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | 0.51 | 0.06 | 0.40, 0.62 | |
  Eligible for Medicaid through the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program |  |  |  | P = .001 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | −0.70 | 0.22 | −1.13, −0.28 | |
Maternal variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Age (years) |  |  |  |  |
   <18 | ref | - | - | - |
   18 to 20 | −0.17 | 0.10 | −0.35, 0.22 | P = .084 |
   21 to 29 | −0.27 | 0.09 | −0.45, −0.09 | P = .004 |
   ≥30 | −0.35 | 0.12 | −0.58, −0.12 | P = .003 |
  Race |  |  |  | P = .792 |
   White | ref | - | - | |
   Non-White | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.18, 0.13 | |
  Education |  |  |  | P = .005 |
   Less than high school | ref | - | - | |
   High school or more | −0.18 | 0.07 | −0.31, −0.06 | |
  Marital status |  |  |  | P = .002 |
   Married | ref | - | - | |
   Other | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.08, 0.33 | |
  Prenatal visit quartiles (number of prenatal visits) |  |  |  |  |
   1st quartile (less than 10 visits) | ref | - | - | - |
   2nd quartile (10 to 11 visits) | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.09, 0.39 | P < .001 |
   3rd quartile (12 to 13 visits) | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.06, 0.38 | P = .002 |
   4th quartile (14 or more visits) | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.13, 0.43 | P = .001 |
  Self-reported maternal alcohol use during pregnancy |  |  |  | P = .081 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | 0.26 | 0.15 | −0.03, 0.54 | |
  Self-reported maternal smoking status during pregnancy |  |  |  | P = .018 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | −0.13 | 0.06 | −0.25, −0.02 | |
Health system variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Rurality |  |  |  |  |
   Rural | ref | - | - | - |
   Urban non-adjacent to metropolitan | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.10, 0.17 | P = .575 |
   Urban adjacent to metropolitan | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.09, 0.18 | P = .506 |
   Metropolitan | −0.03 | 0.12 | −0.26, 0.21 | P = .834 |
  Enrollment in a health maintenance organization (HMO) plan |  |  |  | P < .0001 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | −1.15 | 0.07 | −1.28, −1.01 | |
  Recipient of MediPASS primary care case management services |  |  |  | P < .0001 |
   No | ref | - | - | |
   Yes | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.34, 0.63 | |
  Multiplicative interaction term between HMO and MediPASS variables | 0.66 | 0.27 | 0.13, 1.18 | P = .015 |