Table 1 Adjusted mean height-for-age Z-scores and 95% CI by exposure to different forms of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during pregnancy
From: Intimate partner violence and early child growth: a community-based cohort study in Nicaragua
IPV exposure | Adjusted mean height-for-age Z-scores (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys n = 178 | Girls n = 197 | Total n = 375 | ||
Any IPV during pregnancy † ‡ | Yes | −1.03 (−1.20 to −0.87) | −1.14 (−1.32 to −0.96) | −1.09 (−1.21 to −0.98) |
No | −0.96 (−1.18 to −0.73) | −0.76 (−0.98 to −0.54)* | −0.85 (−1.01 to −0.69)* | |
Emotional IPV during pregnancy ‡ | Yes | −0.92 (−1.15 to −0.68) | −1.05 (−1.31 to −0.79) | −0.99(−1.16 to −0.81) |
No | −1.05 (−1.21 to −0.89) | −0.97 (−1.14 to −0.80) | −1.01 (−1.12 to −0.89) | |
Physical IPV during pregnancy § | Yes | −1.07 (−1.43 to −0.71) | −1.20 (−1.58 to −0.81) | −1.13 (−1.40 to −0.87) |
No | −1.00 (−1.14 to −0.85) | −0.96 (−1.11 to −0.81) | −0.98 (−1.08 to −0.88) | |
Sexual IPV during pregnancy ∥ | Yes | −1.02 (−1.53 to −0.51) | −1.04 (−1.63 to −0.44) | −1.03 (−1.42 to −0.64) |
No | −1.01 (−1.15 to −0.86) | −0.99 (−1.14 to −0.84) | −1.00 (−1.10 to −0.89) | |
Controlling behavior by partner ‡ | Yes | −1.03 (−1.20 to −0.85) | −1.23 (−1.42 to −1.03) | −1.13 (−1.26 to −1.00) |
No | −0.98 (−1.19 to −0.77) | −0.74 (−0.94 to −0.54)* | −0.84 (−0.99 to −0.70)* | |