Table 3 Multivariable analysis of the association between mothers’ education and child stunting – with imputed data

Mother Education

Secondary + (ref.)

-

-

-

Primary and below

1.29 (1.11, 1.51)

0.001

1.30 (1.11, 1.52)

0.001

1.26 (1.08, 1.48)

0.004

Child’s Sex

Female (ref.)

-

-

-

Male

1.57 (1.40, 1.77)

0.000

1.57 (1.40, 1.77)

0.000

Child’s Birth Weight

Above 2500 (ref.)

-

-

-

Less than 2500

2.80 (2.12, 3.70)

0.000

2.72 (2.06 , 3.60)

0.000

Mother's Age

15-19 (ref.)

-

-

-

20-24

1.03 (0.83, 1.27)

0.818

25-29

1.04 (0.82, 1.33)

0.734

30-34

1.04 (0.78, 1.39)

0.787

35 >

1.13 (0.82, 1.56)

0.471

Mother’s Marital Status

Curr. in union (ref.)

-

-

-

Ever in union

1.47 (1.18, 1.84)

0.001

Never married

1.56 (1.25, 1.94)

0.000

Mother’s Parity

First birth (ref.)

-

-

-

2 births

1.31 (1.11, 1.55)

0.002

3 and above

1.39 (1.14, 1.69)

0.001

Mother’s Ethnicity

Kikuyu (ref.)

-

-

-

Luhya

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

0.350

Luo

0.88 (0.73, 1.05)

0.162

Kamba

1.03 (0.85, 1.23)

0.781

Others

1.01 (0.44, 2.30)

0.978

Number of observations

4770

4770

4770

Log-Likelihood

−3165.2

−3105.7

−3080.69

Factor

Model 4 Coef. (95 % CI)

p-val

Model 5 Coef. (95 % CI)

p-val

Model 6 Coef. (95 % CI)

p-val

Mother’s Education

Secondary + (ref.)

-

-

-

Primary and below

1.24 (1.05, 1.46)

0.010

1.22 (1.03,1.43)

0.018

1.21 (1.02,1.43)

0.025

Child’s Sex

Female (ref.)

-

-

-

Male

1.59 (1.41, 1.80)

0.000

1.60 (1.42,1.80)

0.000

1.60 (1.42,1.80)

0.000

Child’s Birth Weight

Above 2500 (ref.)

-

-

-

Less than 2500

2.99 (2.25, 3.97)

0.000

2.96 (2.23,3.93)

0.000

2.96 (2.23,3.93)

0.000

Mother's Age

15-19 (ref.)

-

-

-

20-24

1.04 (0.84, 1.29)

0.689

1.05 (0.85,1.30)

0.655

1.05 (0.85,1.30)

0.642

25-29

1.10 (0.86, 1.41)

0.426

1.12 (0.88,1.43)

0.357

1.12 (0.88,1.44)

0.349

30-34

1.11 (0.83, 1.48)

0.494

1.12 (0.84,1.51)

0.437

1.12 (0.84,1.51)

0.432

35 >

1.20 (0.87, 1.67)

0.270

0.21 (0.87,1.68)

0.258

1.21 (0.87,1.68)

0.254

Mother’s Marital status

Currently in union (ref.)

-

-

-

Ever in union

1.41 (1.13, 1.77)

0.003

1.37 (1.09,1.72)

0.007

1.36 (1.09,1.71)

0.007

Never married

1.64 (1.14, 1.78)

0.002

1.35 (1.08,1.70)

0.009

1.35 (1.08,1.69)

0.010

Mother’s Parity

First birth (ref.)

2 births

1.23 (1.04, 1.47)

0.016

1.21 (1.02,1.44)

0.028

1.21 (1.02,1.44)

0.028

3 and above

1.22 (1.00, 1.49)

0.054

1.16 (0.95,1.43)

0.151

1.16 (0.94,1.42)

0.156

Mother’s Ethnicity

Kikuyu (ref.)

-

-

-

Luhya

0.83 (0.68, 1.01)

0.063

0.82 (0.67,1.00)

0.047

0.74 (0.67,1.00)

0.047

Luo

0.78 (0.65, 0.95)

0.013

0.77 (0.64,0.94)

0.008

0.77 (0.64,0.93)

0.008

Kamba

0.97 (0.80, 1.17)

0.743

0.98 (0.81,1.18)

0.822

0.99 (0.82,1.20)

0.924

Others

0.97 (0.42, 2.21)

0.937

0.99 (0.43, 2.26)

0.975

0.99 (0.43,2.26)

0.980

Pregnancy Intentions

Wanted now (ref.)

-

-

-

Wanted later

1.38 (1.20, 1.58)

0.000

1.37 (1.19,1.57)

0.000

1.36 (1.19,1.56)

0.000

Not ever wanted

1.19 (0.96, 1.44)

0.113

1.17 (0.95,1.43)

0.132

1.16 (0.95,1.42)

0.157

Ante-natal Visits

Above 4 (ref.)

-

-

-

Less than 4

0.95 (0.84, 1.08)

0.454

0.95 (0.83,1.07)

0.398

0.95 (0.83,1.07)

0.384

Place of Delivery

Health Facility (ref.)

TBA & Home

1.39 (1.20, 1.61)

0.000

1.38 (1.19, 1.60)

0.000

1.39 (1.20,1.61)

0.000

Others (enroute to hospital)

0.98 (0.67, 1.42)

0.903

1.01 (0.69,1.47)

0.958

1.02 (0.70,1.50)

0.905

Knowledge when to introduce other foods

Yes (ref.)

-

-

-

No

1.07 (0.94, 1.22)

0.299

1.07 (0.94,1.22)

0.324

1.07 (0.94,1.22)

0.317

Social Economic Status

Lowest (ref.)

-

-

-

Middle

0.93 (0.80,1.07)

0.312

0.93 (0.80,1.08)

0.333

Highest

0.77 (0.66,0.91)

0.001

0.78 (0.66,0.66)

0.002

Slum of Residence

Korogocho (ref.)

-

-

-

Viwandani

0.96 (0.84,1.11)

0.590

Number of observations

4770

4770

4770

Log-Likelihood

−3055.98

−3050.38

−3050.2