Early infections are associated with increased risk for celiac disease: an incident case-referent study

BMC Pediatrics

Table 1 Study population characteristics and association with celiac disease

	Descriptive
Exposures^a	Cases	Referents	Bivariate analyses	P-value
	[n=373]	[n=581]	OR (95% CI) b
	n (%)	n (%)
Siblings in preschool age
Yes	215 (58)	333 (57)	1.0
No	158 (42)	248 (43)	0.99 (0.74-1.3)	0.923
Family socioeconomic status
High-Medium	193 (52)	358 (62)	1.0
Low	180 (48)	223 (38)	1.5 (1.2-1.9)^c	0.002
Breastfeeding at introduction of gluten^d
Discontinued	202 (54)	192 (33)	1.0
Continued same month	88 (24)	147 (25)	0.55 (0.39-0.78)	0.001
Continued beyond	83 (22)	242 (42)	0.32 (0.23-0.45)	<0.001
Amount of flour per day two weeks after introduction^d
Small-Medium	189 (51)	373 (64)	1.0
Large	184 (49)	208 (36)	1.9 (1.4-2.6)	<0.001

^a Exposures before six months of age.
^b Bivariate conditional logistic regression using matched sets of cases with 1–2 referents.
^c Preliminary version of this result has previously been included in book chapters [22–25].
^d These data has previously been published [9]. The data presented are based on the subset.
of infants included in the current study (see Methods) and is included in the multivariate analyses.

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