Table 8 Logistic regression analysis of socio-demographic factors associated with central obesity among Pakistani primary school children aged five to twelve years (n = 1860)^{a, b}

Grade

   One

Reference

-

Reference

-

   Two

0.70 (0.37-1.31)

0.259

0.80 (0.41-1.56)

0.515

   Three

2.29 (1.24-4.22)

0.008

3.15 (1.54-6.45)

0.002

   Four

3.36 (1.66-6.80)

0.001

5.47 (2.25-13.31)

< 0.001

   Five

2.84 (1.23-6.54)

0.014

5.11 (1.76-14.85)

0.003

Area and socioeconomic status (SES)

   Urban with high SES

64.24 (15.74-262.13)

< 0.001

82.34 (15.76-430.31)

< 0.001

   Urban with middle SES

32.99 (8.01-135.92)

< 0.001

35.67 (6.95-183.18)

< 0.001

   Urban with low SES

14.83 (3.51-62.64)

< 0.001

13.67 (2.86-65.40)

0.001

   Rural (low/disadvantaged SES)

Reference

-

Reference

-

Neighborhood income

   Low

0.16 (0.10-0.25)

< 0.001

1.50 (0.77-2.93)

0.239

   Middle

0.43 (0.30-0.61)

< 0.001

0.77 (0.51-1.17)

0.220

   High

Reference

-

Reference

-

Parental education

   Illiterate

Reference

-

Reference

-

   High school

3.37 (1.36-8.31)

0.008

0.73 (0.26-2.03)

0.545

   College

9.93 (4.25-23.20)

< 0.001

1.04 (0.37-2.91)

0.938

   Higher education

14.13 (6.09-32.77)

< 0.001

1.32 (0.47-3.73)

0.599