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Table 3 Maternal and child characteristics, by PEDS path of child

From: Maternal well-being and its association to risk of developmental problems in children at school entry

Scale

Path A

(high risk for developmental problems)

N = 72

n (%)

Path B

(moderate risk for developmental problems)

N = 153

n (%)

Path C

(elevated risk for behavioural/emotional problems)

N = 93

n (%)

Path E

(low risk for problems)

N = 172

n (%)

Total

N = 490

n (%)

p-value

Child Factors

      

Male

45 (63)

82 (54)

43 (46)

70 (41)

240 (49)

0.009

Ear infections prior to age 2

29 (41)

52 (35)

37 (40)

56 (33)

174 (36)

0.503

Poor overall social competence*

32 (45)

40 (26)

38 (41)

30 (17)

140 (29)

<0.001

   Poor prosocial/communication skills*

30 (42)

40 (26)

32 (34)

21 (12)

123 (25)

<0.001

   Poor emotional regulation skills*

35 (49)

44 (29)

41 (44)

35 (20)

155 (32)

<0.001

Current Maternal Factors

      

SF-8

      

   Poor physical health*

25 (36)

39 (26)

22 (24)

35 (21)

121 (25)

0.114

   Poor mental health*

26 (37)

45 (30)

21 (23)

29 (17)

121 (25)

0.004

Social Support

      

   Poor emotional/informational support*

27 (40)

34 (23)

29 (32)

30 (18)

120 (25)

0.003

   Poor tangible support*

28 (41)

45 (30)

29 (31)

44 (26)

146 (30)

0.139

   Poor positive interaction*

32 (47)

45 (30)

28 (30)

38 (22)

143 (30)

0.003

   Poor affection*

30 (43)

34 (22)

26 (28)

37 (22)

127 (26)

0.006

   Poor overall support index*

31 (46)

35 (24)

27 (30)

32 (19)

125 (27)

<0.001

Parenting Sense of Competence

      

   Low efficacy*

27 (40)

37 (25)

27 (29)

35 (21)

126 (27)

0.033

   Low satisfaction*

28 (41)

36 (24)

29 (32)

31 (18)

124 (26)

0.002

Poor parenting morale*

31 (46)

43 (28)

30 (33)

33 (20)

137 (28)

0.001

Historical Maternal Factors

      

Poor parenting morale at 3 years post partum

31 (43)

40 (26)

25 (27)

28 (16)

124 (25)

<0.001

Poor physical health at 3 years

24 (33)

34 (22)

21 (23)

27 (16)

106 (22)

0.024

Poor social support at 3 years post partum

12 (17)

15 (10)

10 (11)

15 (9)

52 (11)

0.324

Depression for 2 or more weeks post partum

32 (44)

52 (34)

32 (34)

52 (30)

168 (34)

0.212

Poor social support during pregnancy

17 (24)

32 (21)

23 (25)

22 (13)

94 (19)

0.045

Low score on positive feelings during pregnancy

21 (29)

46 (30)

33 (35)

44 (25)

144 (29)

0.406

History of abuse, at pregnancy

30 (42)

56 (37)

33 (35)

38 (22)

157 (32)

0.004

Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors

      

Income <$80,000

29 (40)

48 (31)

26 (28)

45 (26)

158 (30)

0.169

No post-secondary education

13 (18)

24 (16)

17 (18)

26 (15)

80 (16)

0.881

No marriage or common-law partner

8 (11)

5 (3)

5 (5)

7 (4)

25 (5)

0.102

  1. *Children or mothers scoring in the lowest quartile of these measures.
  2. Note: Denominator varies due to missing data on some survey items. The denominator is not 491 in this table because one mother completed only half of the PEDS survey as her questionnaire was missing a page.