Scale | Path A (high risk for developmental problems) N = 72 n (%) | Path B (moderate risk for developmental problems) N = 153 n (%) | Path C (elevated risk for behavioural/emotional problems) N = 93 n (%) | Path E (low risk for problems) N = 172 n (%) | Total N = 490 n (%) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 45 (63) | 82 (54) | 43 (46) | 70 (41) | 240 (49) | 0.009 |
Ear infections prior to age 2 | 29 (41) | 52 (35) | 37 (40) | 56 (33) | 174 (36) | 0.503 |
Poor overall social competence* | 32 (45) | 40 (26) | 38 (41) | 30 (17) | 140 (29) | <0.001 |
   Poor prosocial/communication skills* | 30 (42) | 40 (26) | 32 (34) | 21 (12) | 123 (25) | <0.001 |
   Poor emotional regulation skills* | 35 (49) | 44 (29) | 41 (44) | 35 (20) | 155 (32) | <0.001 |
Current Maternal Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
SF-8 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Poor physical health* | 25 (36) | 39 (26) | 22 (24) | 35 (21) | 121 (25) | 0.114 |
   Poor mental health* | 26 (37) | 45 (30) | 21 (23) | 29 (17) | 121 (25) | 0.004 |
Social Support | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Poor emotional/informational support* | 27 (40) | 34 (23) | 29 (32) | 30 (18) | 120 (25) | 0.003 |
   Poor tangible support* | 28 (41) | 45 (30) | 29 (31) | 44 (26) | 146 (30) | 0.139 |
   Poor positive interaction* | 32 (47) | 45 (30) | 28 (30) | 38 (22) | 143 (30) | 0.003 |
   Poor affection* | 30 (43) | 34 (22) | 26 (28) | 37 (22) | 127 (26) | 0.006 |
   Poor overall support index* | 31 (46) | 35 (24) | 27 (30) | 32 (19) | 125 (27) | <0.001 |
Parenting Sense of Competence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low efficacy* | 27 (40) | 37 (25) | 27 (29) | 35 (21) | 126 (27) | 0.033 |
   Low satisfaction* | 28 (41) | 36 (24) | 29 (32) | 31 (18) | 124 (26) | 0.002 |
Poor parenting morale* | 31 (46) | 43 (28) | 30 (33) | 33 (20) | 137 (28) | 0.001 |
Historical Maternal Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poor parenting morale at 3 years post partum | 31 (43) | 40 (26) | 25 (27) | 28 (16) | 124 (25) | <0.001 |
Poor physical health at 3 years | 24 (33) | 34 (22) | 21 (23) | 27 (16) | 106 (22) | 0.024 |
Poor social support at 3 years post partum | 12 (17) | 15 (10) | 10 (11) | 15 (9) | 52 (11) | 0.324 |
Depression for 2 or more weeks post partum | 32 (44) | 52 (34) | 32 (34) | 52 (30) | 168 (34) | 0.212 |
Poor social support during pregnancy | 17 (24) | 32 (21) | 23 (25) | 22 (13) | 94 (19) | 0.045 |
Low score on positive feelings during pregnancy | 21 (29) | 46 (30) | 33 (35) | 44 (25) | 144 (29) | 0.406 |
History of abuse, at pregnancy | 30 (42) | 56 (37) | 33 (35) | 38 (22) | 157 (32) | 0.004 |
Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Income <$80,000 | 29 (40) | 48 (31) | 26 (28) | 45 (26) | 158 (30) | 0.169 |
No post-secondary education | 13 (18) | 24 (16) | 17 (18) | 26 (15) | 80 (16) | 0.881 |
No marriage or common-law partner | 8 (11) | 5 (3) | 5 (5) | 7 (4) | 25 (5) | 0.102 |