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Table 4 Effects of Alternative Disciplinary Tactics and Psychotherapy in 1988 on Antisocial Behavior in 1990 When Substituted for Spanking in the Analysis Summarized in Table 3

From: Do nonphysical punishments reduce antisocial behavior more than spanking? a comparison using the strongest previous causal evidence against spanking

Corrective Action

Degrees of Freedom

Mean Sum of Squares

F Value

Spanking

3

798.4

2.87*

Grounding

3

893.1

3.20*

Privilege removal

3

435.4

1.53

Sending to room

3

632.6

2.20a

Psychotherapy

1

1116.5

3.93*

  1. N = 785, except 782 for Psychotherapy.
  2. a P < .10.
  3. *P < .05.