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Table 3 Antisocial Behavior in 1990 by Spanking Frequency in 1988 and Six Other Covariates for Children from 6 to 9 Years Old in 1988

From: Do nonphysical punishments reduce antisocial behavior more than spanking? a comparison using the strongest previous causal evidence against spanking

Main Effects and Interactions

Degrees of Freedom

Mean Sum of Squares

F Ratio

   Predictors from 1988

   

Main Effects

   

   Spanking frequency

3

798.4

2.87*

   Gender

1

1576.2

5.66*

   Cognitive Stimulation

2

383.3

1.38

   Emotional Support

2

1271.3

4.56*

   Ethnicity

1

0.8

.00

   Socioeconomic status

2

1170.6

4.20*

   Antisocial behavior (zero, low, high)

2

12460.2

44.72***

2-Way Interactions With Spanking

   

   Gender

3

386.4

1.39

   Cognitive Stimulation

6

183.4

0.66

   Emotional Support

6

375.8

1.35

   Ethnicity

3

371.8

1.33

   Socioeconomic status

6

190.3

0.68

   Antisocial behavior

6

115.5

0.42

   Residual

741

278.6

 
  1. Note. A natural log transformation of 1990 antisocial behavior was used to reduce skewness. The original 807 cases were reduced to N = 785 for this analysis due to missing values on grounding, privilege removal, or sending child to room.
  2. *P < .05. ***P < .001.